What Should I Ask During a Tattoo Removal Consultation?
What Should I Ask During a Tattoo Removal Consultation?
Content of this Paper
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A consultation is where the trajectory of an entire removal course is set and where almost every poor outcome we later correct at the Institute of Medical Physics is set up. Patients arrive with a tattoo, leave with a quoted price and a session count, and rarely understand what was decided in the room. The decisions are technical: wavelengths, pulse durations, skin physiology, fluence, and the operator's authority to manage complications. Without the right questions, none of it surfaces.
This guide is for patients about to walk into a consultation anywhere in the city, not only ours. It gives you a framework for interrogating a clinic the way a clinician would, so the conversation moves past sales language and into the science that governs your results. Our doctor-led tattoo removal in London is built on the principle that an informed patient produces a better treatment dialogue, and a better dialogue produces a better outcome.
Key Takeaways
- Ask for the laser's exact pulse duration in picoseconds and the number of wavelengths a clinic runs. A single-pulse, single-wavelength platform will plateau on residual ink that needs different parameters.
- Confirm who actually holds the handpiece. UK laser removal is under-regulated, so establish whether a doctor performs the treatment and is on-site, not just present for the sales consultation.
- A real assessment includes standardised photography, Fitzpatrick typing, a medical history, and ideally a test patch and subdermal imaging, not a glance at the tattoo and a quote on a card.
- For Fitzpatrick V to VI skin, ask for the clinic's specific protocol and its remediation plan for PIH or hypopigmentation. A clinic without correction tools is a complication you live with.
- Session counts are estimates until a test patch is done. Look for a fixed price with unlimited sessions, which removes the incentive to under-quote and over-charge.
- Removal is half laser, half biology. Ask what the clinic does between sessions to support lymphatic clearance, and make sure complications and contraindications are discussed openly.
The Laser Itself Is the First Conversation
Every clinic will tell you they use "advanced" technology. The phrase means nothing without specifics. What matters, in order, is pulse duration, wavelength range, and the number of distinct systems in use across a course.
Pulse duration is the most decisive variable. Nanosecond Q-switched lasers fragment ink through photothermal energy, generating heat the surrounding tissue absorbs. Picosecond lasers, firing roughly a thousand times faster, work photoacoustically, breaking pigment into smaller particles with markedly less thermal load. The StatPearls clinical review on laser tattoo removal on the NCBI Bookshelf confirms that short-pulse-width platforms have reduced dyspigmentation rates compared with older nanosecond devices, particularly in darker skin tones.
The right question pushes past "picosecond" as a marketing word: what pulse duration in picoseconds does the device deliver? A 300-picosecond pulse generates substantially higher photoacoustic pressure than a 750-picosecond pulse, and each has its place at different stages of removal. A clinic operating only one pulse duration will plateau on residual ink that needs a different parameter. This is why our Phantom™-Pico arsenal operates four picosecond architectures and nine wavelengths, allowing the physician to match the pulse to pigment morphology rather than apply one setting to every patient.
Wavelength matters equally. A 1064 nm wavelength bypasses melanin more safely and is the workhorse for darker tones; 532 nm targets red and warm pigments; 694 nm and 755 nm address blues and greens. A clinic offering one wavelength is structurally limited, no matter how new the device looks.
Who Holds the Handpiece, and Who Holds the Responsibility
In the UK, laser tattoo removal sits in an under-regulated space. The person operating the laser in many clinics is not a clinician at all; they hold a short course certificate and work without medical oversight. This is the most important question to settle before treatment begins.
A patient should establish three things in the first ten minutes: who specifically will deliver the treatment, what their medical credentials are, and whether a doctor is on the premises during your session. A consultation conducted by a doctor that then hands you to a technician for the procedure is not a doctor-led service. It is a sales meeting followed by an unsupervised treatment.
The reason this matters is biological. Tattoo ink sits in the dermis, the laser passes through the epidermis, and every Fitzpatrick skin type interacts with the same fluence differently. A miscalibrated pulse on Fitzpatrick V or VI skin can produce permanent hypopigmentation. Recognising frosting versus blistering, or early dyspigmentation versus normal post-treatment erythema, requires clinical training, not a weekend course. At our King's Cross flagship clinic, every removal is administered by a doctor, and Dr Emanuel Paleco or Dr Saif Chatoo reviews complex or previously failed cases personally.
What a Real Assessment Looks Like
A competent consultation is not a glance at the tattoo and a quote on a card. It is a documented clinical assessment: standardised photography for objective tracking, Fitzpatrick skin-type determination, a record of any melasma, keloid, isotretinoin use, immunosuppression, or photosensitising medication, and ideally a test patch on an inconspicuous part of the tattoo before any commitment to a full session.
The deeper diagnostic step almost no London clinic offers is subdermal imaging. Tattoos vary enormously in depth. An amateur stick-and-poke from the 1990s sits superficially in the papillary dermis; a heavily layered modern cover-up may sit several millimetres deeper, with new ink obscuring old pigment beneath. Visual inspection cannot distinguish these. We use medical-grade subdermal acoustic imaging in our consultations, which reveals ink depth, density variation, and any subsurface scarring before the protocol is designed. At minimum, a patient should ask whether the clinic can assess the tattoo beyond what is visible on the surface.
The Skin Type Conversation No One Wants to Have
This is where the consultation becomes consequential. The PIH risk in darker skin tones is not a footnote. A 2025 review in Applied Sciences on medical applications of picosecond lasers documents that nanosecond devices used on pigmented lesions in darker phototypes carry post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation rates of 25 to 47 per cent in published studies and that picosecond systems reduce that risk substantially through shorter pulses and a stronger photoacoustic effect.
For tattoo removal specifically, a clinical study of dual-wavelength 1064/532 nm picosecond treatment in Fitzpatrick III and IV patients, published in Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, reported 88.5 per cent of tattoos achieving a "good" response (75 per cent or greater clearance) across six sessions, with adverse events generally transient. Reassuring data, but only when the protocol is correctly executed.
The patient's question is not "Is it safe on dark skin?" but "What is your specific protocol for Fitzpatrick V or VI, and what is your remediation plan if I develop PIH or hypopigmentation?" A clinic without a remediation plan has no plan at all, and most do not. For pigmentation arising in melanin-rich skin, we deploy the 1927 nm Thulium laser for PIH correction. For hypopigmentation, our 308 nm excimer laser combined with topical calcineurin inhibitor protocols can restore pigment. A complication at a clinic without these tools is a complication you live with.
Session Counts, Intervals, and the Honesty of the Quote
Sessions are spaced for biological reasons, not commercial ones. After a pulse fragments ink, macrophages must engulf the particles, and the lymphatic system must clear them. Compress the schedule too tightly and subsequent sessions hit residual debris rather than deeper pigment, wasting energy and inflaming the skin. Stretch it too far and you are usually working around a slow laser or a clinic that prefers fewer chair hours.
The honest answer is that the session count is an estimate, not a contract, until a test patch is done. Anyone committing to a precise figure before assessing your skin response is guessing. What a patient should look for is not a precise count but a price structure that does not penalise them if the laser needs more sessions. Our model fixes the price by tattoo size and runs unlimited sessions across the treatment period until the ink is clear, which removes the incentive to under-quote and over-charge.
The Question Most Clinics Cannot Answer
Laser fragmentation is only half of removal. The other half is biology. The immune system has to carry fragmented pigment away through the lymphatic system, and that clearance varies enormously between individuals. Smokers, sedentary patients, those on immunosuppressants, and those with poor lymphatic drainage clear ink more slowly. A clinic framing removal as a purely physical procedure is leaving meaningful percentage points of the result on the table.
The patient question is whether the clinic does anything between sessions to support clearance. Most do not, because they have not built the protocol. We integrate biological therapy alongside the laser, including targeted immune modulation and topical adjuncts that support macrophage activity in the treatment zone. The principle is straightforward: the laser does the demolition, the immune system does the removal, and a thoughtful clinic supports both. This is part of why our four-week interval is biologically defensible where weekly schedules elsewhere are not.
Pain, Aftercare, and Who You Can Reach at 11pm
Pain is real but manageable. A serious clinic discusses numbing options before treatment, not after the patient flinches. Topical anaesthetic is standard. Chilled-air cooling reduces both pain and thermal carry-over to the epidermis. Local injectable anaesthetic is available where appropriate, something a medical practitioner can offer that a non-medical operator cannot.
Equally important is what happens in the hours after treatment. Mild swelling, redness, frosting that fades over 20 minutes, occasional pinpoint bleeding, and the possibility of blistering on more aggressive settings are all within normal range. What matters is whether the patient has a clinician they can reach if something looks wrong at 11pm on a Sunday. We call this the WhatsApp clinical access principle: our patients message our clinical team directly. Most clinics offer a generic email checked twice a day, useless when a patient is anxious about a blister. For week-by-week expectations, we publish a tattoo removal healing process guide.
When the Clinic Won't Discuss Complications
A consultation that does not mention complications is a sales pitch. Modern picosecond technology has reduced complication rates substantially but not eliminated them. The realistic risks worth discussing include transient post-inflammatory pigmentary change in darker tones, occasional blistering, pinpoint bleeding on densely packed pigment, and, rarely, scarring. The NHS guidance on cosmetic laser and IPL procedures is straightforward in confirming that pigmentary change remains possible even with modern devices, and any clinic suggesting otherwise is misrepresenting the science.
Equally important is when treatment should be postponed. Active skin infection, recent isotretinoin, immunosuppression, certain photosensitising medications, pregnancy, and uncontrolled keloid history are all reasons a careful clinician may delay or decline. A clinic that has never refused a patient is not exercising clinical judgement.
A Compact Checklist for the Consultation
Bring this with you. Tick what is answered clearly and circle what is dodged.
Booking the Consultation
If you want a consultation conducted by doctors, with a real assessment, real subdermal imaging, and a written protocol that explains why each parameter has been chosen for your skin, book a free consultation at our King's Cross clinic. The clinic sits minutes from King's Cross St Pancras Station, and our team will walk through every question on this page with you in person.
Related Articles
How Many Sessions to Remove a Tattoo? A Comprehensive Guide
Understanding the Risks of Laser Tattoo Removal: Safely Removing Ink
Which Laser Is Best for Dark Skin Tattoo Removal?
About the Institute of Medical Physics
The Institute of Medical Physics, founded by Dr Emanuel Paleco, is a premier medical laboratory specialising in medical and aesthetic laser science. With a flagship clinic in King’s Cross and additional locations in North London and Essex, the institute is at the forefront of laser science innovation.
Experience advanced laser science and innovative medical treatments. Book a consultation with Dr Emanuel Paleco and his expert team at the Institute of Medical Physics.
FAQs
How long should a tattoo removal consultation take?
A genuine consultation runs 30 to 45 minutes. It includes a clinical history, Fitzpatrick assessment, photography, a test patch where appropriate, and a discussion of the protocol and timeline. Anything under 15 minutes is a sales appointment, not a medical one.
What is the single most important question to ask?
Ask the specific pulse duration of the laser, in picoseconds, and how many distinct wavelengths the clinic operates. A single-wavelength, single-pulse-duration platform will plateau on residual pigment that needs a different parameter. The answer separates clinics with current technology from those repackaging older equipment.
How do I confirm a tattoo removal clinic is genuinely doctor-led?
Ask who specifically will perform your treatment, whether they hold a recognised medical qualification, and whether a doctor is on the premises during sessions. A doctor-led service has a named medical director, doctors who personally treat, and a clear chain of clinical responsibility. A clinic that cannot answer these directly is not doctor-led, however the website is worded.
Should I always have a test patch before starting?
Yes, particularly with Fitzpatrick IV to VI skin, an unsuccessful treatment elsewhere, or a history of pigmentary disorders. A test patch verifies how your skin responds to the wavelength and fluence before a full session is committed and identifies elevated PIH or hypopigmentation risk before it becomes a complication to manage.
Can a tattoo removal clinic refuse to treat me, and is that a bad sign?
A clinic can and sometimes should decline. Active skin infections or inflammations, recent isotretinoin use, certain medications, pregnancy, and a history of keloid scarring are recognised reasons to postpone. A clinic that accepts every patient without ever raising a contraindication is not exercising clinical judgement, which is itself a warning sign.
Are consultations at the Institute of Medical Physics free?
Yes. Our consultations at King's Cross include a clinical review with one of our doctors, subdermal acoustic imaging where appropriate, and a written protocol if you choose to proceed. The depth of free consultations varies hugely across London; one that takes ten minutes and ends with payment processed is not a clinical assessment.
What Should I Ask During a Tattoo Removal Consultation?
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A consultation is where the trajectory of an entire removal course is set and where almost every poor outcome we later correct at the Institute of Medical Physics is set up. Patients arrive with a tattoo, leave with a quoted price and a session count, and rarely understand what was decided in the room. The decisions are technical: wavelengths, pulse durations, skin physiology, fluence, and the operator's authority to manage complications. Without the right questions, none of it surfaces.
This guide is for patients about to walk into a consultation anywhere in the city, not only ours. It gives you a framework for interrogating a clinic the way a clinician would, so the conversation moves past sales language and into the science that governs your results. Our doctor-led tattoo removal in London is built on the principle that an informed patient produces a better treatment dialogue, and a better dialogue produces a better outcome.
Key Takeaways
- Ask for the laser's exact pulse duration in picoseconds and the number of wavelengths a clinic runs. A single-pulse, single-wavelength platform will plateau on residual ink that needs different parameters.
- Confirm who actually holds the handpiece. UK laser removal is under-regulated, so establish whether a doctor performs the treatment and is on-site, not just present for the sales consultation.
- A real assessment includes standardised photography, Fitzpatrick typing, a medical history, and ideally a test patch and subdermal imaging, not a glance at the tattoo and a quote on a card.
- For Fitzpatrick V to VI skin, ask for the clinic's specific protocol and its remediation plan for PIH or hypopigmentation. A clinic without correction tools is a complication you live with.
- Session counts are estimates until a test patch is done. Look for a fixed price with unlimited sessions, which removes the incentive to under-quote and over-charge.
- Removal is half laser, half biology. Ask what the clinic does between sessions to support lymphatic clearance, and make sure complications and contraindications are discussed openly.
The Laser Itself Is the First Conversation
Every clinic will tell you they use "advanced" technology. The phrase means nothing without specifics. What matters, in order, is pulse duration, wavelength range, and the number of distinct systems in use across a course.
Pulse duration is the most decisive variable. Nanosecond Q-switched lasers fragment ink through photothermal energy, generating heat the surrounding tissue absorbs. Picosecond lasers, firing roughly a thousand times faster, work photoacoustically, breaking pigment into smaller particles with markedly less thermal load. The StatPearls clinical review on laser tattoo removal on the NCBI Bookshelf confirms that short-pulse-width platforms have reduced dyspigmentation rates compared with older nanosecond devices, particularly in darker skin tones.
The right question pushes past "picosecond" as a marketing word: what pulse duration in picoseconds does the device deliver? A 300-picosecond pulse generates substantially higher photoacoustic pressure than a 750-picosecond pulse, and each has its place at different stages of removal. A clinic operating only one pulse duration will plateau on residual ink that needs a different parameter. This is why our Phantom™-Pico arsenal operates four picosecond architectures and nine wavelengths, allowing the physician to match the pulse to pigment morphology rather than apply one setting to every patient.
Wavelength matters equally. A 1064 nm wavelength bypasses melanin more safely and is the workhorse for darker tones; 532 nm targets red and warm pigments; 694 nm and 755 nm address blues and greens. A clinic offering one wavelength is structurally limited, no matter how new the device looks.
Who Holds the Handpiece, and Who Holds the Responsibility
In the UK, laser tattoo removal sits in an under-regulated space. The person operating the laser in many clinics is not a clinician at all; they hold a short course certificate and work without medical oversight. This is the most important question to settle before treatment begins.
A patient should establish three things in the first ten minutes: who specifically will deliver the treatment, what their medical credentials are, and whether a doctor is on the premises during your session. A consultation conducted by a doctor that then hands you to a technician for the procedure is not a doctor-led service. It is a sales meeting followed by an unsupervised treatment.
The reason this matters is biological. Tattoo ink sits in the dermis, the laser passes through the epidermis, and every Fitzpatrick skin type interacts with the same fluence differently. A miscalibrated pulse on Fitzpatrick V or VI skin can produce permanent hypopigmentation. Recognising frosting versus blistering, or early dyspigmentation versus normal post-treatment erythema, requires clinical training, not a weekend course. At our King's Cross flagship clinic, every removal is administered by a doctor, and Dr Emanuel Paleco or Dr Saif Chatoo reviews complex or previously failed cases personally.
What a Real Assessment Looks Like
A competent consultation is not a glance at the tattoo and a quote on a card. It is a documented clinical assessment: standardised photography for objective tracking, Fitzpatrick skin-type determination, a record of any melasma, keloid, isotretinoin use, immunosuppression, or photosensitising medication, and ideally a test patch on an inconspicuous part of the tattoo before any commitment to a full session.
The deeper diagnostic step almost no London clinic offers is subdermal imaging. Tattoos vary enormously in depth. An amateur stick-and-poke from the 1990s sits superficially in the papillary dermis; a heavily layered modern cover-up may sit several millimetres deeper, with new ink obscuring old pigment beneath. Visual inspection cannot distinguish these. We use medical-grade subdermal acoustic imaging in our consultations, which reveals ink depth, density variation, and any subsurface scarring before the protocol is designed. At minimum, a patient should ask whether the clinic can assess the tattoo beyond what is visible on the surface.
The Skin Type Conversation No One Wants to Have
This is where the consultation becomes consequential. The PIH risk in darker skin tones is not a footnote. A 2025 review in Applied Sciences on medical applications of picosecond lasers documents that nanosecond devices used on pigmented lesions in darker phototypes carry post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation rates of 25 to 47 per cent in published studies and that picosecond systems reduce that risk substantially through shorter pulses and a stronger photoacoustic effect.
For tattoo removal specifically, a clinical study of dual-wavelength 1064/532 nm picosecond treatment in Fitzpatrick III and IV patients, published in Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, reported 88.5 per cent of tattoos achieving a "good" response (75 per cent or greater clearance) across six sessions, with adverse events generally transient. Reassuring data, but only when the protocol is correctly executed.
The patient's question is not "Is it safe on dark skin?" but "What is your specific protocol for Fitzpatrick V or VI, and what is your remediation plan if I develop PIH or hypopigmentation?" A clinic without a remediation plan has no plan at all, and most do not. For pigmentation arising in melanin-rich skin, we deploy the 1927 nm Thulium laser for PIH correction. For hypopigmentation, our 308 nm excimer laser combined with topical calcineurin inhibitor protocols can restore pigment. A complication at a clinic without these tools is a complication you live with.
Session Counts, Intervals, and the Honesty of the Quote
Sessions are spaced for biological reasons, not commercial ones. After a pulse fragments ink, macrophages must engulf the particles, and the lymphatic system must clear them. Compress the schedule too tightly and subsequent sessions hit residual debris rather than deeper pigment, wasting energy and inflaming the skin. Stretch it too far and you are usually working around a slow laser or a clinic that prefers fewer chair hours.
The honest answer is that the session count is an estimate, not a contract, until a test patch is done. Anyone committing to a precise figure before assessing your skin response is guessing. What a patient should look for is not a precise count but a price structure that does not penalise them if the laser needs more sessions. Our model fixes the price by tattoo size and runs unlimited sessions across the treatment period until the ink is clear, which removes the incentive to under-quote and over-charge.
The Question Most Clinics Cannot Answer
Laser fragmentation is only half of removal. The other half is biology. The immune system has to carry fragmented pigment away through the lymphatic system, and that clearance varies enormously between individuals. Smokers, sedentary patients, those on immunosuppressants, and those with poor lymphatic drainage clear ink more slowly. A clinic framing removal as a purely physical procedure is leaving meaningful percentage points of the result on the table.
The patient question is whether the clinic does anything between sessions to support clearance. Most do not, because they have not built the protocol. We integrate biological therapy alongside the laser, including targeted immune modulation and topical adjuncts that support macrophage activity in the treatment zone. The principle is straightforward: the laser does the demolition, the immune system does the removal, and a thoughtful clinic supports both. This is part of why our four-week interval is biologically defensible where weekly schedules elsewhere are not.
Pain, Aftercare, and Who You Can Reach at 11pm
Pain is real but manageable. A serious clinic discusses numbing options before treatment, not after the patient flinches. Topical anaesthetic is standard. Chilled-air cooling reduces both pain and thermal carry-over to the epidermis. Local injectable anaesthetic is available where appropriate, something a medical practitioner can offer that a non-medical operator cannot.
Equally important is what happens in the hours after treatment. Mild swelling, redness, frosting that fades over 20 minutes, occasional pinpoint bleeding, and the possibility of blistering on more aggressive settings are all within normal range. What matters is whether the patient has a clinician they can reach if something looks wrong at 11pm on a Sunday. We call this the WhatsApp clinical access principle: our patients message our clinical team directly. Most clinics offer a generic email checked twice a day, useless when a patient is anxious about a blister. For week-by-week expectations, we publish a tattoo removal healing process guide.
When the Clinic Won't Discuss Complications
A consultation that does not mention complications is a sales pitch. Modern picosecond technology has reduced complication rates substantially but not eliminated them. The realistic risks worth discussing include transient post-inflammatory pigmentary change in darker tones, occasional blistering, pinpoint bleeding on densely packed pigment, and, rarely, scarring. The NHS guidance on cosmetic laser and IPL procedures is straightforward in confirming that pigmentary change remains possible even with modern devices, and any clinic suggesting otherwise is misrepresenting the science.
Equally important is when treatment should be postponed. Active skin infection, recent isotretinoin, immunosuppression, certain photosensitising medications, pregnancy, and uncontrolled keloid history are all reasons a careful clinician may delay or decline. A clinic that has never refused a patient is not exercising clinical judgement.
A Compact Checklist for the Consultation
Bring this with you. Tick what is answered clearly and circle what is dodged.
Booking the Consultation
If you want a consultation conducted by doctors, with a real assessment, real subdermal imaging, and a written protocol that explains why each parameter has been chosen for your skin, book a free consultation at our King's Cross clinic. The clinic sits minutes from King's Cross St Pancras Station, and our team will walk through every question on this page with you in person.
Related Articles
How Many Sessions to Remove a Tattoo? A Comprehensive Guide
Understanding the Risks of Laser Tattoo Removal: Safely Removing Ink
Which Laser Is Best for Dark Skin Tattoo Removal?
About the Institute of Medical Physics
The Institute of Medical Physics, founded by Dr Emanuel Paleco, is a premier medical laboratory specialising in medical and aesthetic laser science. With a flagship clinic in King’s Cross and additional locations in North London and Essex, the institute is at the forefront of laser science innovation.
Experience advanced laser science and innovative medical treatments. Book a consultation with Dr Emanuel Paleco and his expert team at the Institute of Medical Physics.
FAQs
How long should a tattoo removal consultation take?
A genuine consultation runs 30 to 45 minutes. It includes a clinical history, Fitzpatrick assessment, photography, a test patch where appropriate, and a discussion of the protocol and timeline. Anything under 15 minutes is a sales appointment, not a medical one.
What is the single most important question to ask?
Ask the specific pulse duration of the laser, in picoseconds, and how many distinct wavelengths the clinic operates. A single-wavelength, single-pulse-duration platform will plateau on residual pigment that needs a different parameter. The answer separates clinics with current technology from those repackaging older equipment.
How do I confirm a tattoo removal clinic is genuinely doctor-led?
Ask who specifically will perform your treatment, whether they hold a recognised medical qualification, and whether a doctor is on the premises during sessions. A doctor-led service has a named medical director, doctors who personally treat, and a clear chain of clinical responsibility. A clinic that cannot answer these directly is not doctor-led, however the website is worded.
Should I always have a test patch before starting?
Yes, particularly with Fitzpatrick IV to VI skin, an unsuccessful treatment elsewhere, or a history of pigmentary disorders. A test patch verifies how your skin responds to the wavelength and fluence before a full session is committed and identifies elevated PIH or hypopigmentation risk before it becomes a complication to manage.
Can a tattoo removal clinic refuse to treat me, and is that a bad sign?
A clinic can and sometimes should decline. Active skin infections or inflammations, recent isotretinoin use, certain medications, pregnancy, and a history of keloid scarring are recognised reasons to postpone. A clinic that accepts every patient without ever raising a contraindication is not exercising clinical judgement, which is itself a warning sign.
Are consultations at the Institute of Medical Physics free?
Yes. Our consultations at King's Cross include a clinical review with one of our doctors, subdermal acoustic imaging where appropriate, and a written protocol if you choose to proceed. The depth of free consultations varies hugely across London; one that takes ten minutes and ends with payment processed is not a clinical assessment.
By -
Dr. Saif Chatoo, MBBCh, B.Sc
May 26, 2026
