How Much Does RF Microneedling Cost? Full Pricing Breakdown & What Affects It

Key Takeaways

• RF microneedling combines microneedling and radiofrequency for enhanced skin rejuvenation.
• The cost can fluctuate significantly depending on location and provider expertise.
• Advanced technology influences the overall pricing structure considerably.
• Understanding pricing variances enables informed decision-making regarding treatment.
• Results and recovery time may also impact the overall RF microneedling cost.

What Is RF Microneedling and Why Costs Vary

RF microneedling represents an innovative fusion of traditional microneedling techniques with the benefits of radiofrequency energy. This advanced cosmetic procedure not only creates micro-injuries in the skin but also delivers controlled heat to deeper layers, enhancing skin tightening and overall rejuvenation.

How RF Microneedling Works

Radiofrequency microneedling works by inserting ultra-fine needles into the skin while simultaneously emitting RF energy to the dermis. This process stimulates fibroblast activity, encouraging collagen and elastin regeneration that improves tone, texture, and elasticity. 

Unlike traditional methods, the addition of radiofrequency heat targets deeper structures for more comprehensive rejuvenation. The technique is often performed using advanced systems, which allow practitioners to precisely control depth and energy delivery for specific skin concerns.

Whether the goal is reducing stretch marks or refining pore size, each treatment is customized to the individual’s skin profile. This level of personalization ensures optimal safety and noticeable results per treatment session.

Why RF Devices Differ in Technology and Power

Not all radiofrequency microneedling systems operate at the same level. Devices like Sylfirm X, Morpheus8, and Focus Dual differ in pulse duration, needle design, and energy delivery methods. 

These variations significantly influence collagen remodeling efficiency, patient comfort, and overall clinical outcomes. High-end machines also feature advanced feedback mechanisms that monitor skin impedance, ensuring consistent energy delivery. 

Such precision not only improves results but also justifies a higher per treatment cost. Investing in a reputable device often translates to fewer sessions and a smoother recovery experience.

Factors That Make RF Treatments More Advanced Than Traditional Microneedling

RF microneedling goes beyond surface renewal by delivering radiofrequency energy deep into the dermis for stronger collagen remodeling.

Key factors include:

• Deeper penetration: Targets the dermis for lasting structural improvement.
• Thermal stimulation: Tightens skin and boosts elasticity through controlled heat.
• Customizable energy: Adjusts depth and intensity for different skin types.
• Dual action: Combines needling and RF for superior rejuvenation.
• Enhanced collagen response: Improves firmness, scars, and stretch marks.

These upgrades make RF microneedling more effective and transformative than traditional microneedling.

Why Results & Downtime Influence Cost

The extent of improvement and downtime plays a central role in determining the total price of RF microneedling. Because this method stimulates intensive collagen regeneration, results are often more visible and long-lasting than standard microneedling. 

However, these deeper effects may come with slightly longer recovery periods depending on device strength and individual skin response.

Patients opting for premium technologies like Focus Dual or Morpheus8 can expect superior results with minimal risk, though costs will vary accordingly.

In general, higher treatment intensity, greater skin tightening, and better pore refinement per treatment justify the investment in a more advanced procedure.

How Much Does RF Microneedling Cost? 

When planning your radiofrequency microneedling journey, understanding the typical cost helps set realistic expectations. On average, the price per treatment session ranges between £400 and £650, depending on several variables such as treatment area size, technology used, and the clinic’s location. 

Average Cost Per Session

The average RF microneedling cost per session reflects both the complexity and the target area being treated. Facial or neck sessions usually fall around £500, while procedures targeting broader zones, such as the abdomen or thighs, cost more due to increased time and coverage. 

Smaller areas like the under-eye or around the lips are typically priced lower, averaging about £300 per treatment.Additionally, when addressing skin concerns like enlarged pores or stretch marks, the intensity and depth of treatment can slightly affect overall pricing.

Price Range by City, Clinic & Practitioner Expertise

The cost of radiofrequency microneedling also varies widely based on location and practitioner experience. Major cities like London usually sit at the upper end of the price spectrum, often exceeding £600 per treatment, due to higher clinic overheads and demand for premium aesthetic care. Smaller towns, on the other hand, may offer more affordable packages without compromising quality.

Practitioner expertise plays a major role as well. Experienced professionals trained often charge more but deliver better precision, consistency, and safety. The skill behind each session directly affects results, recovery, and the overall cost-effectiveness of the procedure.

Cost Differences Between Face, Neck & Body Areas

Different treatment areas require varying depths, energy levels, and session durations, which all influence the total RF microneedling cost. 

Smaller regions like the face are generally quicker and more affordable, while the neck and body need more precision and energy delivery to achieve noticeable tightening and rejuvenation. 

The points below outlines how costs differ depending on the targeted zone.

• Face: Treatments typically cost between £400 and £550 per session, last around 30 to 45 minutes, target shallow to medium skin depths, and help refine pores, smooth texture, and improve fine lines.
• Neck: Sessions usually range from £500 to £650, take approximately 45 to 60 minutes, work at a medium depth, and focus on firming lax skin while enhancing contour and elasticity.
• Body (abdomen or thighs): Treatments generally cost between £600 and £800, last about 60 to 90 minutes, involve deep dermal penetration, and are designed to reduce stretch marks, tighten skin, and boost collagen production.

Note: Larger treatment zones naturally require more time, energy pulses, and precision, which raises the cost per treatment. 

Why London & Major Cities Cost Significantly More

In metropolitan centres like London, RF microneedling procedures typically cost more due to higher rent, staff wages, and regulatory standards. 

Clinics also invest in the latest technologies and staff training to stay competitive, contributing to elevated pricing tiers. However, these urban clinics often guarantee premium service quality and superior equipment performance.

While smaller towns may offer lower prices, patients should prioritise clinical standards, safety, and device quality. A trusted practitioner using advanced systems can make a meaningful difference in results per treatment, helping justify the additional cost when choosing a major city clinic.

What Affects the Cost of RF Microneedling?

The prices of RF microneedling vary depending on the device type, treatment depth, and the size or severity of the targeted area. 

Let’s break down the most influential factors that determine the total cost per treatment session.

Device Type (Morpheus8, Secret RF, Sylfirm X, Potenza)

The technology behind radiofrequency microneedling machines plays a key role in pricing. Premium platforms such as Morpheus8, Sylfirm X, and Focus Dual deliver more consistent results by combining superior depth control and energy modulation.These devices are designed to tighten skin, refine pores, and reduce stretch marks with minimal downtime, making them a preferred choice among top clinics. 

Because of their advanced engineering and safety certifications, these devices usually come with higher setup and maintenance costs for clinics. That investment often translates into slightly elevated pricing per treatment but ensures better long-term outcomes, fewer side effects, and enhanced collagen stimulation compared to basic systems.

Treatment Depth & Energy Levels

Treatment depth and energy intensity determine how much the skin remodels during each session. Deeper penetration and higher RF energy levels are typically required for concerns like acne scars, wrinkles, and skin laxity. 

In contrast, shallower settings may be enough for pore refinement or mild texture improvement. These adjustments directly influence both treatment time and overall session cost.

While deeper sessions cost more per treatment, they often deliver faster and longer-lasting results, reducing the need for frequent follow-ups. This personalized approach ensures a safer, more effective rejuvenation experience.

Size of the Treatment Area

The area being treated significantly impacts the total cost. Smaller zones; such as around the eyes, lips, or jawline are quicker to address and therefore more affordable. 

Larger regions like the neck, chest, or thighs require more passes, energy pulses, and clinician time, which increases the overall price per treatment.

For body concerns like stretch marks or uneven skin tone, RF microneedling sessions are often longer and require more energy delivery. 

Severity of Concerns (Texture, Scars, Laxity)

The more severe or deep-seated your skin concerns, the higher the level of treatment intensity required. Mild textural issues or enlarged pores may respond quickly to surface-level stimulation, whereas advanced skin laxity or scarring demands multiple sessions or stronger energy settings. 

With higher intensity, patients may experience slightly more treatment discomfort or brief procedural pain, especially when RF heat is delivered deeper into the dermis, but this is typically well-managed with numbing cream and cooling.

These differences naturally affect total cost and treatment planning. Patients addressing significant texture irregularities or deep stretch marks often need several radiofrequency microneedling sessions to achieve optimal results. 

While this increases the initial investment, the improvement in skin quality and firmness justifies the cost per treatment.

How Many RF Microneedling Sessions Are Needed?

Determining the number of RF microneedling sessions you need depends on your skin’s condition, age, and treatment goals. Most patients require 3 to 6 sessions, spaced roughly 4 to 6 weeks apart, to allow proper healing and collagen regeneration. 

Single Session vs Full Treatment Plan

When deciding between a single RF microneedling session or a complete treatment plan, it’s important to understand how each approach affects results and long-term outcomes. 

While one session can deliver a visible boost in glow and firmness, a structured plan ensures deeper collagen remodeling, smoother texture, and better correction of skin concerns such as stretch marks or enlarged pores.

• Single session: One treatment typically costs between £400 and £600 and is best suited for mild texture concerns, uneven tone, or enlarged pores, providing an instant glow with subtle tightening and short-term smoothness.
• Full treatment plan: A course of three to six sessions is usually priced between £1,200 and £3,000 as a package and is ideal for stretch marks, scars, fine lines, and mild skin laxity, promoting deeper collagen remodelling, long-term firmness, and improved elasticity.
• Maintenance sessions: One to two sessions per year generally cost between £400 and £650 and are designed to preserve long-term results by maintaining skin tone, preventing the return of laxity, and improving the durability of outcomes.

Typical 3–6 Session Protocol

Most RF microneedling treatments follow a three to six session plan, spaced a few weeks apart. Visible improvement usually appears after the second or third session as collagen and elastin rebuild beneath the skin. This gradual process ensures steady, natural enhancement without irritation.

Each visit targets multiple layers to tighten, smooth, and refine texture effectively. Devices like Focus Dual help deliver precise energy for deeper remodeling, reducing downtime while achieving consistent results.

Maintenance Treatment Costs

After completing the initial treatment series, maintenance sessions every 6–12 months help sustain collagen production and skin elasticity. These follow-up treatments use lower energy levels, making them gentler and more cost-effective than the first course.

Many clinics offer discounted maintenance packages or flexible pricing for ongoing care. Regular upkeep keeps collagen active, helping maintain smoother texture, tighter pores, and lasting firmness with minimal added expense.

Why Scarring & Laxity Require More Sessions

Patients with deeper scarring, skin laxity, or extensive stretch marks often need more than the typical number of sessions. These conditions involve multiple dermal layers and require additional collagen remodeling cycles for visible improvement. 

Consequently, a longer treatment plan, spanning six or more sessions, may be needed to achieve desired firmness and smoothness.While this extended plan may increase the total cost per treatment, it ensures meaningful and lasting transformation for those with more advanced skin concerns.

RF Microneedling Cost Comparison With Other Treatments

RF microneedling typically costs more than traditional microneedling but less than CO₂ or Pico laser treatments. It offers deeper rejuvenation with shorter downtime, balancing results and value effectively. 

Note: Prices vary by clinic, device, and location, so all cost ranges are approximate and for general guidance only.

RF Microneedling vs Traditional Microneedling

Comparing RF microneedling with traditional microneedling reveals clear differences in cost, depth, and results. Understanding these distinctions helps patients select the treatment that best fits their skin goals and budget.

Cost per Session

• Traditional microneedling typically costs £250–£400 per treatment.
• RF microneedling ranges from £500–£800 per treatment, reflecting the added radiofrequency energy technology.

Depth & Mechanism of Action

• Traditional microneedling works on a surface level, stimulating mild collagen renewal.
• RF microneedling delivers controlled heat into deeper dermal layers, tightening skin and remodeling collagen from within.

Effectiveness for Skin Concerns

• RF microneedling effectively treats stretch marks, skin laxity, and enlarged pores.
• Traditional microneedling is better suited for minor texture concerns and early aging signs.

Technology Used

• High end devices enhance RF microneedling with adjustable needle depth and precision energy control.
• This dual technology improves firmness, texture refinement, and collagen density with minimal downtime.

Results & Value

• Though RF microneedling has a higher upfront cost, it usually requires fewer sessions and yields longer-lasting results.
• The treatment provides comprehensive rejuvenation, blending surface refinement with deep structural tightening.

RF Microneedling vs CO₂ Laser

When comparing RF microneedling with the CO₂ laser, key differences emerge in cost, recovery, and treatment depth. While both stimulate collagen remodeling, RF microneedling provides a gentler yet effective alternative with faster healing and less downtime.

Cost per Session

• CO₂ laser sessions typically cost £750–£1,500, depending on treatment depth and area. 
• RF microneedling averages £500–£800 per treatment, offering a more accessible option for skin tightening and rejuvenation.

Treatment Depth & Recovery

• CO₂ lasers ablate the outer skin layer, leading to more redness and peeling during recovery. 
• RF microneedling targets deeper dermal layers without surface damage, allowing for faster healing and less post-treatment discomfort. 

Technology & Mechanism

• RF systems use fine needles combined with controlled heat to stimulate collagen at multiple depths. 
• This approach rejuvenates the skin from within, reducing texture irregularities and improving overall tone. 

Results & Suitability

• Both treatments address scars, texture, and fine lines, but RF microneedling suits those seeking minimal downtime and gradual results. 
• CO₂ lasers remain ideal for advanced resurfacing, while RF provides balanced outcomes in texture, firmness, and pore refinement with reduced risk and recovery time. 

RF Microneedling vs Pico Laser

Both RF microneedling and Pico laser treatments are popular for skin rejuvenation, but they differ in depth, results, and the type of concerns they target. Understanding these differences helps determine which treatment aligns best with your goals, skin type, and budget.

Cost per Session

• Pico laser sessions typically cost £600–£1,200, depending on the treatment area and device type.
• RF microneedling averages £500–£800 per session, offering comparable or greater rejuvenation at a moderate cost.

Treatment Focus & Mechanism

• Pico laser uses ultra-short light pulses to target pigmentation, sun damage, and fine lines on the surface. 
• RF microneedling delivers controlled heat into deeper dermal layers, stimulating collagen remodeling and skin tightening.  

Effectiveness for Skin Concerns

• Pico laser is ideal for pigmentation, melasma, and surface irregularities. 
• RF microneedling excels at treating skin laxity, scars, and stretch marks, providing contouring benefits beyond surface-level correction. 

Results & Efficiency

• Pico laser often requires multiple sessions to achieve visible results. 
• RF microneedling typically delivers noticeable tightening and firmness after fewer treatments, making it a faster route to long-term improvement. 

Cost vs Downtime vs Results Comparison

This comparison below highlights the significant differences in cost, downtime, and results among these popular skin rejuvenation treatments. 

• RF microneedling: Sessions typically cost between £500 and £800, involve around 1 to 3 days of downtime, and deliver results that last approximately 6 to 12 months.
• Traditional microneedling: Treatments usually range from £250 to £400 per session, require 1 to 2 days of downtime, and provide results lasting around 3 to 6 months.
• CO₂ laser: Sessions generally cost between £750 and £1,500, involve 4 to 10 days of downtime, and offer longer-lasting results of around 1 to 2 years.
• Pico laser: Treatments typically cost between £600 and £1,200 per session, involve 1 to 3 days of downtime, and deliver results lasting approximately 6 to 12 months.

Is RF Microneedling Worth the Cost? (Results & Value Breakdown)

Investing in radiofrequency microneedling delivers measurable long-term value when you consider its depth of rejuvenation and collagen remodeling potential. 

Beyond surface improvements, it addresses foundational skin concerns such as scars, stretch marks, enlarged pores, and laxity with durable outcomes. 

Long-Term Collagen Remodeling

The core value of RF microneedling lies in its ability to stimulate sustained collagen and elastin renewal long after treatment. As the skin undergoes micro-injury and controlled thermal remodeling, it gradually becomes firmer, denser, and more elastic.

The visible tightening effect and smoother texture typically continue to improve over several months following each session.

This ensures uniform collagen activation while minimizing surface trauma, providing results that often outlast those of standard rejuvenation procedures. The ongoing regenerative process is what truly elevates the long-term return on investment per treatment.

Improvement in Scars, Laxity & Texture

RF microneedling works by combining controlled micro-injury with targeted RF heat to remodel the skin from within. For patients dealing with deep scars, skin laxity, or uneven texture, this dual-action process delivers transformative improvements.

The combined action of mechanical micro-injury and RF-induced heat promotes structural remodeling, leading to tighter, smoother, and more even-toned skin.

Many users report visible fading of stretch marks and reduced pore size within a few weeks. These textural enhancements not only improve the skin’s appearance but also boost its resilience and hydration retention.

With consistent care and periodic maintenance, results can last several months to years, making RF microneedling one of the most cost-efficient options in advanced skin rejuvenation.

Cost-to-Result Advantage Compared to Other Procedures

When evaluating RF microneedling against other rejuvenation options, its balance of cost, recovery, and long-term effectiveness makes it a strong investment for many patients.

Treatment Efficiency & Longevity

• RF microneedling has a higher upfront cost, but its results last longer and are more comprehensive.
• Traditional microneedling requires more frequent sessions to maintain visible improvements.
• CO₂ and Pico lasers deliver excellent results but come with longer downtime and higher per-session costs.

Technology & Performance

• Systems like Focus Dual provide multi-depth stimulation, targeting both superficial and deep skin layers in one session.  
• This dual mechanism promotes collagen remodeling, faster healing, and smoother texture with reduced redness. 

Overall Value

• Patients experience improved elasticity, firmer skin, and refined tone with fewer total sessions. 
• The treatment offers a superior cost-to-result ratio, especially for those seeking gradual, natural-looking transformation per treatment. 

When It Might Not Be the Best Value

While radiofrequency microneedling suits a wide range of skin concerns, it may not be ideal for everyone. Individuals with mild textural issues or very tight budgets might find traditional microneedling or chemical peels more practical.

In such cases, these lighter options can still refine pores and enhance surface smoothness at a lower cost. However, for patients prioritizing long-term collagen rebuilding and visible tightening, RF microneedling remains unmatched in value. 

Consulting a qualified practitioner experienced helps determine whether this treatment aligns with your goals, expectations, and investment comfort.

How to Save Money on RF Microneedling

While radiofrequency microneedling is a premium rejuvenation treatment, there are several smart ways to make it more affordable without sacrificing quality. By choosing the right clinic, comparing pricing models, and leveraging promotional packages, patients can achieve excellent results for less. 

Package Deals & Multi-Session Discounts

Many reputable clinics offer discounted packages for patients who book a complete treatment course upfront. These multi-session plans often reduce the total cost per treatment and ensure consistent results through a structured rejuvenation schedule. 

Patients typically save more by investing in a series of three to six sessions rather than paying individually for each visit.

In addition to financial savings, package deals promote commitment to the full collagen remodeling process that makes radiofrequency microneedling so effective.

Combining RF With Other Treatments

Pairing radiofrequency microneedling with other non-invasive procedures can increase the total benefit while reducing separate costs. Many clinics offer bundled packages that include complementary options such as Pico laser, chemical peels, or LED therapy. 

This approach enhances outcomes like pore refinement, texture smoothing, and scar reduction while keeping the cumulative price more reasonable.

Combination plans also allow practitioners to address multiple skin layers in one treatment cycle. For example, Focus Dual combined with superficial resurfacing can target both stretch marks and surface dullness efficiently, making the treatment journey both time- and cost-effective. 

Note: Patients should always consult their doctor before combining treatments to ensure suitability and safety based on their individual skin condition.

Choosing the Right Clinic for Best Value

Choosing a trusted clinic ensures safe, effective, and lasting results. Keep these points in mind:

• Certified experts: Only trained dermatologists or professionals should perform RF treatments.
• FDA-approved devices: Ensure the clinic uses modern, approved RF systems.
• Strong reviews: Check real patient feedback and visible results.
• Transparent pricing: Look for clear cost breakdowns and aftercare guidance.

The Institute of Medical Physics meets all these standards, offering expert practitioners, strict protocols, and top-rated patient satisfaction.

Why Cheap Clinics Can Result in Costly Corrections Later

Opting for the cheapest available treatment may seem tempting, but it can lead to complications and added costs later. Low-quality devices or inexperienced operators increase the risk of uneven results, burns, or prolonged recovery periods. These issues often require expensive corrective treatments that outweigh initial savings.

Choosing a trusted clinic equipped with reputable systems ensures consistent energy delivery and safer outcomes. Prioritizing quality over short-term discounts helps avoid irreversible damage and maximizes your long-term return on investment per treatment.

Additional Costs You Should Expect

When planning for RF microneedling treatment, it’s important to consider that treatment expenses extend beyond the main session cost. Factors such as consultation fees, aftercare essentials, and optional add-ons can influence your total investment. 

Clinics using advanced systems like Focus Dual often recommend supportive treatments and premium skincare to maximise results per treatment session, ensuring smoother recovery and longer-lasting benefits.

Consultation Fees

Before starting your radiofrequency microneedling journey, most clinics require a brief consultation to evaluate your skin and determine suitability for treatment. 

This step ensures the procedure is tailored to your unique needs and helps establish the safest, most effective plan for your skin goals.

• Most clinics charge a small consultation fee before your first treatment. 
• The practitioner evaluates your skin type, texture, and suitability for RF technology. 
• Consultations are essential for safe treatment planning, especially for stretch marks or enlarged pores. 
• Some providers deduct the consultation fee from your first session if you proceed with treatment. 
• Clinics using advanced systems may include detailed skin imaging or analysis to refine treatment recommendations.

Aftercare Products

Proper aftercare plays a vital role in recovery following a radiofrequency microneedling session. The right products not only soothe the skin but also enhance collagen production, ensuring that your results last longer and your skin heals efficiently.

• Investing in high-quality serums, moisturisers, and SPF supports post-treatment healing and comfort. 
• These products help reduce redness, calm sensitivity, and restore the skin’s natural moisture barrier.  
• Aftercare protects the newly treated skin, maintaining hydration and promoting smoother texture. 
• Clinics using Focus Dual often recommend medical-grade skincare suited to your specific skin concerns.  
• Consistent use of prescribed aftercare extends the rejuvenation benefits achieved from RF energy.

Optional Add-Ons (LED, Serums, PRP)

To enhance the effects of radiofrequency microneedling, many clinics offer optional add-ons that boost healing, improve texture, and stimulate deeper collagen production. These enhancements can take your results to the next level while helping the skin recover faster and more evenly.

• Popular add-ons include LED light therapy, vitamin-infused serums, and PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma). 
• These treatments accelerate cellular repair and strengthen the skin’s regenerative response. 
• PRP and growth serums are particularly effective for stretch marks and deep textural irregularities. 
• Though they add to the overall cost, they often lead to faster recovery and enhanced treatment results. 
• Advanced RF systems like Focus Dual safely combine these therapies in a single session for greater efficiency.

Time Costs: Downtime & Follow-Ups

Beyond financial costs, it’s important to consider the time investment associated with radiofrequency microneedling recovery and follow-up appointments. Proper spacing between sessions allows the skin to heal fully and ensures collagen continues to rebuild for lasting results.

• Typical downtime lasts 1–3 days, though it may extend slightly for those with sensitive skin or deeper treatment settings. 
• Mild redness and tightness are normal post-procedure and indicate active collagen remodeling. 
• Most patients schedule follow-up sessions every 4–6 weeks for consistent progress and skin renewal. 
• Clinics using Focus Dual create structured aftercare timelines for optimal healing between treatments. 
• Regular follow-ups help refine pores, fade scars, and maintain smoother, firmer texture over time. 

Before You Go…

RF microneedling pricing can vary, but knowing what influences it helps you choose a clinic that delivers real value. Device quality, treatment area, practitioner expertise, and proper aftercare all shape the results you’ll see.

Paying a bit more for a skilled, safety-focused clinic often means smoother healing, longer-lasting improvements, and outcomes that genuinely feel worth the investment.

For concerns like stretch marks, scars, or enlarged pores, working with an experienced provider makes all the difference. Clinics using advanced systems such as Focus Dual can customise depth, energy, and technique for your skin, giving you precise results, minimal downtime, and a better return from every treatment session.

About the Institute of Medical Physics

The Institute of Medical Physics (IMP), led by Dr. Emanuel Paleco, is a leading UK centre dedicated to evidence-based aesthetic science and non-invasive skin rejuvenation. Based in King’s Cross and serving patients across North London and Essex, we specialise in advanced laser and radiofrequency treatments. We use technologies such as Focus Dual, Sylfirm X, and Thulium 1927nm systems to deliver natural, measurable skin transformation.

Each treatment at IMP is guided by clinical expertise, safety, and precision. From radiofrequency microneedling to laser resurfacing, every procedure is customised to your skin type and goals, ensuring visible tightening, refined texture, and long-term collagen renewal.

Book a consultation today with Dr. Paleco’s team at the Institute of Medical Physics and experience the scientific standard in modern rejuvenation, where innovation meets patient-centred care.